Equality of English Education
Tobacco ⭐︎
Smoking leads to disease, disability and many other health problems. There are over 20 different types or subtypes of cancer that tobacco increases the risk. Many people are forced to live with a disease caused by smoking. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, lung diseases, diabetes, etc. Smoking also increases problems of the immune system.
Secondhand smoke exposure has also been implicated in adverse health outcomes. Secondhand smoke exposure contributes to more than one million deaths among nonsmoking adults and infants worldwide. Children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome and slowed lung growth. Smoking while pregnant can lead to several life-long health conditions for babies.
According to World Health Organization, most tobacco-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, because these countries are often targets of intensive tobacco industry marketing. As nicotine contained in tobacco is an addictive ingredient, quitting tobacco is not an easy, one-time efforts, but a life-long journey.
タバコ ⭐︎
タバコは体に害が多いです。２０以上のガンについてタバコの関連性が認められています。多くの人がタバコが原因の病気と闘病しています。ガン、心臓、肺、糖尿病や免疫にも影響します。
受動喫煙も問題です。１年間に100万人以上が成人、幼児が受動喫煙でなくなっています。乳幼児突然死も関係しています。妊娠中の喫煙は胎児にもよくありません。
WHOによると、低所得国や中所得国でタバコのマーケティングが多く行われ、死者も多くなっています。ニコチンには依存性があり、禁煙は一時の我慢ではなく、一生の努力です。
Tobacco ⭐︎⭐︎
Research proved that smoking could cause various diseases, disability, and many other health problems. For example, there are at least 20 different types or subtypes of cancer that tobacco increases the risk, compared to non-smokers.
Many people are forced to live with a disease that they might be able to prevent. For instance, smoking causes cancer, heart disease, lung diseases, diabetes, etc. Smoking also increases problems of the immune system and makes you vulnerable.
Secondhand smoke exposure and juvenile smoking are said to be related to adverse health outcomes. Every year, secondhand smoke exposure kills more than one million people among nonsmoking adults and infants worldwide. In addition, children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at high risk of sudden infant death syndrome and slowed lung growth—smoking while pregnant can result in several life-long health issues.
According to World Health Organization, most tobacco-related deaths occur in developing nations because these countries are often targets of intensive tobacco marketing promotion. Moreover, as the nicotine contained in tobacco is an addictive ingredient, quitting tobacco is not an easy, one-time effort but a life-long journey
タバコ ⭐︎⭐︎
こちらは上記の記事を少し難しくしたものです。
タバコは体に害が多いです。２０以上のガンについてタバコの関連性が認められています。多くの人がタバコが原因の病気と闘病しています。ガン、心臓、肺、糖尿病や免疫にも影響します。
受動喫煙も問題です。１年間に100万人以上が成人、幼児が受動喫煙でなくなっています。乳幼児突然死も関係しています。妊娠中の喫煙は胎児にもよくありません。
WHOによると、低所得国や中所得国でタバコのマーケティングが多く行われ、死者も多くなっています。ニコチンには依存性があり、禁煙は一時の我慢ではなく、一生の努力です。
Nutrition ⭐︎⭐︎
Good nutrition is necessary to support human life and good health. Our body consists of water, proteins, fat, etc. To get sufficient nutrition, we usually eat three times a day, breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The seven major nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, proteins, vitamins, and water. Each meal should be well balanced in nutrition such as fibers, minerals, vitamins, etc.
Poor nutrition, called malnutrition, is a problem. The cause of malnutrition is poverty, food security, or a poor understanding of nutrition. Good nutrition is necessary for children to grow physically and mentally and for normal human biological development.
With the advancement of technology, nutrition in the world has become better in the last decade. In other words, malnutrition has been decreasing in most countries. Corporations, universities, and other institutions have invested in research and development in agriculture, aquaculture, genetic engineering, chemical engineering for harvest, land cultivation, foods, and nutrition.
栄養 ⭐︎⭐︎
栄養は人生、健康に必須です。体は水、タンパク質、脂肪などからできています。栄養は３食から摂りますが、炭水化物、脂肪、食物繊維、ミネラルやタンパク質、ビタミンが主な栄養でバランスの取れた献立が大事です。
栄養不足は大問題です。貧困、食糧不足や栄養への理解不足により引き起こされます。特に子供の発育にとって大事です。
技術革新により世界の栄養事情は過去10年で改善しています。栄養不足は多くの国で減少しています。企業、大学などが農業、漁業、遺伝子工学、化学肥料、開墾などに研究開発を進めています。
Longevity ⭐︎⭐︎
The word "longevity" means "life expectancy" in demography. Also, the term longevity sometimes means long-lived people. Population longevities are increasing as life expectancies around the world grow.
In a similar word, life expectancy means the average number of years remaining at a given age. In short, a population's life expectancy at birth is the same as the average age at death for all people born in the same year.
Various factors affect an individual's longevity. Significant factors in life expectancy include gender, genetics, access to medical treatment, diet and nutrition, exercise, lifestyle, and crime rates.
Evidence-based studies imply that longevity depends on two major factors, genetics, and lifestyle. According to twin studies, approximately 20-30% of the variation in the human lifespan can be related to genetics. The remaining 70-80% relies on individual behaviors and environmental factors. Still, there is scientific and statistical research ongoing.
平均寿命 ⭐︎⭐︎
平均寿命は残存する人生の長さです。特に長生きの人を指すこともあります。世界的に長くなっています。
残存寿命は平均で残りどれくらいの生きるかです、赤ちゃんの平均寿命ですね。
平均寿命を決めるのは、性別、遺伝子、医療、食事や栄養、運動、治安などです。
研究により遺伝とライフスタイルが２大影響する要素だとわかってきました。 双子の研究により2-3割が遺伝で、残りがライフスタイルと考えられていますが、現在でも科学的、統計的な調査が進んでいます。
Sleep ⭐︎⭐︎
It’s natural for older adults to experience changes in the duration of their sleep. They are related to changes in the body’s internal clock, which is a part of the brain.
Within a minute after falling asleep, both the brain and body shift into sleep mode, respectively. Body temperature drops, brain activity gets down, and heart rate and breath slow too. Not surprisingly, the body’s energy consumption is lower during sleep.
Notably, what happens during sleep is dynamic. Throughout one night, you progress through multiple sleep cycles, each of which lasts around 90 minutes. These sleep stages are fundamental to how sleep works.
Mental and physical health conditions may also interfere with sleep. Conditions that commonly affect sleep in older people include anxiety, heart disease, diabetes, and conditions that cause discomfort and pain.
Poor sleep quality can be related to lifestyle changes as aging, especially retirement. Other significant life changes, such as loss of independence and social isolation, can increase stress and anxiety, contributing to sleep issues.
睡眠 ⭐︎⭐︎
年を重ねれば睡眠時間は短くなります。脳の機能の一つに体内時計がありますが、この体内時計と睡眠時間は関連があります。
眠るとすぐに、体も頭も睡眠モードになり、体温は下り、脳の活動も下り、心拍数、呼吸数も減ります。エネルギー消費量も減ります。
しかしながら、寝ている間も波があります。一晩に数回もの眠りのサイクルが繰り返されています。この90分ごとのサイクルが睡眠のカギです。
心も体も睡眠に影響します。不安、心疾患、糖尿病、や痛みや不快感も睡眠を悪くします。
質の悪い睡眠は年、特に定年による生活スケジュールの変化と関係があります。他にも孤独や依存はストレスや不安を増加させ、睡眠に影響します。
Metabolic Syndrome ⭐︎
Metabolic syndrome badly affects our bodies. It includes obesity which means a body is too heavy, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, etc. Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing heart and brain disease.
The correlation between aging and metabolic syndrome exists in most populations around the world. In the U.S., about 25% of the adult population has metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome affects 60% of the U.S. population older than age 50. The percentage of women having the syndrome is higher than that of men.
The syndrome is linked with having too much food and consuming less energy by exercise. The cause of the syndrome is still under research. Recent research indicates stress can contribute to metabolic syndrome.
Various ideas have been proposed to prevent metabolic syndrome. These include increased physical activity such as walking 30 minutes every day. Also, having a healthy, reduced-calorie diet supports weight control. Many studies support the value of a healthy lifestyle as above.
メタボ ⭐︎⭐︎
メタボは体に良くないです。肥満、高血圧や高血糖などがあり、心臓や脳の病気の原因になります。
メタボは年齢と相関性があります。アメリカでは人口の25％がメタボですが、50歳以上だと60％もの人がメタボで、女性は男性より多いです。
メタボはエネルギーの摂取と消費の差が原因ですが、まだ研究中です。ストレスが関係していることもわかってきました。
メタボ対策は運動、健康的な食事などが提唱されています。
Vaccine⭐︎⭐︎
A vaccine is a biological preparation by equipping a body with active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains some agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism.
A vaccine is made from weakened, de-activated, or killed microbes, toxins, or one of its surface proteins. A vaccine stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat and destroy the microorganisms associated with that agent.
The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. Widespread immunity thanks to vaccination contributed to the worldwide eradication of some illnesses in the past.
The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. For example, the influenza vaccine has proven effective. The World Health Organization reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections.
ワクチン ⭐︎⭐︎
ワクチンは免疫を得るために予め抗原に似た物質を体に入れて病原体へ備えておくことです。
ワクチンは不活性化した病原体や、毒素やタンパク質の一部を使って、免疫が病原体を認識してやっつけるように仕向けます。
ワクチンの普及は感染症の撲滅に貢献してきました。
ワクチンは有効性が調査研究されており、インフルエンザワクチンなど、２５ほどの感染症のワクチンがあります。