Writing is the last piece⭐︎
Writing is the last piece of the four skills, listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
LRIGHT ENGLISH recommends that studying a second language follows the same process of learning your native language.
As a baby learns a language in this series of processes:
Listening to parents,
Imitating parents to say a word, speaking
Recognizing words in a book, reading
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Then, becoming able to write his/her name and simple words, writing.
We think it is easy and efficient to start from the basic level. From easy to intermediate to advanced, your writing covers longer and more complicated sentences.
If you write well, you can read and hear the same sentence. Maybe, you can speak it as well. In this way, writing measures your English skill.
Putting words in the correct order is very important. When you write a simple sentence, you can study the rule of the order.
Another point is that self-writing using pencil and note is much different from typing on PC. Some tests are conducted both on Paper and PC. You need to practice the test format too.
Once you finish the basic level, let’s try to write a paragraph. English paragraph mainly has three parts: Topic sentence, body sentence, and conclusion.
Topic sentence is like [I think this way about XXX. ]
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Body is like [XXX is A. Also, B is XXX.]
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Conclusion is like [ Therefore, the conclusion is XXX. ]
Normally, you make mistakes in writing, such as incorrect spelling, grammar, and strange expressions. You do not have to be concerned about these mistakes because it is a process of challenge.
Let’s practice speaking as well as writing! Your writing is a text for your speaking training.
CAUTION
We do NOT advise that kids study English grammar strictly. You can learn it later.
書くは総力戦⭐︎
Writingは総仕上げになります。
赤ちゃんが言葉を覚えるのは次のような順番です。
パパママの言葉を聞くリスニング
↓
聞いたものを真似るスピーキング
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ひらがなを読めるようになるリーディング
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の最後に「お名前」と「あいうえお」から文字を書けるようになるライティング
LRIGHT ENGLISHでは、上記のサイクルを簡単レベルから段階的にレベルを上げていく学び方をおすすめしています。
書ける単語や書ける文は読める、聴けるが問題なくできますし、ある程度は話せます。その意味でライティングは自分の実力を測るにちょうど良いです。
リーディング欄においても紹介しておりますが、
「英語は語順が大事」
ですので、正しく書かれた文を少しずつ学ぶ=真似ることで慣れていくのが良いかと思います。
また、ライティングに慣れることに関連して、「文章を手書きで記述する」のと「パソコンやタブレットでタイピング入力する」のでは勝手が違います。英検やT E A Pは手書き式とパソコン形式の両方が開催されていますので、試験と同じ形式に慣れておくことをおすすめします。
文の長さに慣れてきたら、次は段落です。英語の段落は「トピック」「内容」「結論」の三要素をこの順番通りに並べることが大事です。
「私はX X Xについてこう思います。
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それはAだからです。またBでもあります。
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したがって、結論としてX X Xと考えます」
この三段が一般的な構造です。まずはこの基本型を試してみてください。
スペル間違い、文法間違いや英語表現の不自然さについて最初から完璧である必要は全くありません。慣れとともに減っていきますのでご安心ください!
よろしければ、書いた文を次は読んでみてください。目と耳と口、3つのトレーニングになります。
注意
幼児や小学校低学年のうちから文法や表現のルールを勉強するのはあまりおすすめしていません。これらは後からで身に付けられます。
KISS⭐︎
English should be short and simple. Long, complicated sentences are not good.
We advise you to write English with the following five points:
1. Pay attention to word order.
2. How to use ”not" and "no".
3. 5 verbs, do, have, get, take and play.
4. Conclusion first.
5. "will" and "can".
These five are helpful.
Grammar textbooks have many rules, but you do not need to memorize them in the early phase. You will be able to write more variations as you get used to it.
Speaking your writing is good training. It helps you know about your improvement.
英語は簡潔さが大事⭐︎
英語の基本は簡潔さです。ややこしかったり、長ったらしい文章は良しとされません。
次の5つを最初に考えて書くことをおすすめしています。
1. 語順を意識しながら書く
2. 否定語notやnoの置く位置を覚える
3. Do, have, get, take, playの5つを使いこなす
4. 結論を最初に書こう!
5. willとcanの二つの助動詞を覚える
これらは幅広くカバーしますので理解しておくと便利です。
英文法には難しい構文やルールが載っていますが、上記の5つをまずマスターしてから徐々にできるものを増やしていけば大丈夫です。
できればで良いのですが、自身で書いた文章を音読して見てください。どんどん上達しているのが感じられて自信になります。
TOEFL Writing Independent⭐︎⭐︎
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The Internet causes people to interact with each other less than they did in the past. Use specific reasons to support your answers.
I agree with the idea that the Internet causes people to have fewer interactions with each other. Internet technology has changed our lives because we have so much information and media by using a smartphone. We do not need to contact others. In other words, people in the past interacted than we do in our lives.
One of the reasons the Internet causes us to interact with others less is that the Internet makes gathering places less necessary. With internet access, we can look up any information, watch TV programs, or listen to any music by utilizing our computer, tablet, or smartphone. In the past, to attend community events, we need to go to places such as libraries, book stores, cafes, etc. But these might be out-to-date for the young generation who prefer communicating online. Moreover, there are more and more services provided through the Internet. Schools and offices are moving onto the Internet too. If people use this Internet route to study and work, they may have fewer interactions with friends or colleagues in school or office.
Communication online is still less social than face-to-face communication. Some argue that the Internet allows people to interact electronically. Still, there is a significant divide between online and offline from my experience. Staying home can make people feel isolated as they do not see others all day long. Also, online communication tends to be text message only, not voice or video. This difference makes our lives less interactive.
In conclusion, the Internet leads people to isolate themselves from others, staying at home instead of going out. Moreover, human interaction on the Internet is not as personal as face-to-face meetings between people.
TOEFL Writing⭐︎
TOEFL ライティングのサンプルです。
質問は「インターネットは人との関わりを過去よりも減らしたか?」
賛成か反対か理由をつけて書きなさい。
今回は書きやすいと感じた賛成を選びました。書きやすい、というのは理由を見つけやすい、書きやすいということです。
賛成でも反対でも良いですが、理由を見つけられて英文を書けるかどうかで選びます。
最初に
1 結論(人との関わりは減った、に賛成)
2 理由1(集まりにくくなった)
3 理由2(オンラインでのやりとりは対面よりも希薄)
4 結論をもう一回
の順番に大筋を書きました。
ここまで書ければ、後は肉付けしていきます。
理由1 インターネットで手に入るから、人との待ち合わせに出かけなくなった。学校や会社もオンライン化している。
理由2 コミュニケーションのやりとりはどうなのか? オンラインは対面よりは対話は落ちる。テキストだけで顔は合わせないこともある。
それで最後にもう一度、以上から「賛成です」と書きました。
TOEFL Writing questions⭐︎
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students’ sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Which do you like? Eating at food restaurants or home.? Use specific reasons explain your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University students should be required to attend classes rather than going to classes as an optional for students. Use specific reasons or experiences to explain your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should spend more money on improving roads and highways than improving public transportation, such as buses, trains, subways? Use specific reasons in your essay.
In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this change. Use specific reasons to explain your answer.
In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details.
TOEFL Writing⭐︎
TOEFL ライティングの質問サンプルです。
賛成でも反対でも良いですが、理由を見つけられて英文を書けるかどうかで選びます。
最初に
1 結論
2 理由1
3 理由2
4 結論をもう一回
の順番に大筋を書いて、あとは肉付けする。
このオーソドックスな書き順が楽かなとオススメです。
Writing Sample⭐︎⭐︎
Please write about your favorite transportation such as car and train. What do you like? Use examples and reasons to support your opinion.
I like an airplane the best. There are several reasons for my thought.
First of all, I like the shape of the airplane as a whole and its parts. An aircraft has a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. The design of these parts looks cool to me. When I am a child, my family use the airplane to visit my grandfather and grandmother. I was excited to see the airplane at the airport.
An airplane is a product developed through the procedure of design, planning, and test. We usually use airplanes for recreation. Moreover, there is more usage such as transportation of goods as It plays a role in the global trading operation. Worldwide, commercial airplanes transport more than four billion passengers every year. Also, they transport a large number of goods and items annually.
In the future, I want to be involved in an airplane. My goal is to enter an airline company or airplane manufacture.
TOEFL Writing⭐︎⭐︎
乗り物が好き、というサンプルです。
最初に飛行機が好き、と書いて
1 飛行機の形が好き、そして子供の祖父母の家に向かう際に利用し、空港で飛行機がカッコ良かった、という実例。
2 飛行機の製造はデザインからテストまで長いプロセスがあり、それは人やものをたくさん運ぶため。
人や貿易で多くの人や物を運んでいる、と理由づけ。
将来は飛行機関係の仕事をしたいと締めくくっています。
Word Choice⭐︎
Reaching the advanced level in English takes a ( ), so many people give up on the way there.
A. long B. second C. way D. action
Your English is fine ( ) you make some minor mistakes.
A. even B. but C. so D. though
Users can continue to learn English for a long time because of its ( ) cost and a lot of content.
A. high B. right C. reasonable D. expensive
Have you heard the word, GIGA School? The Japanese government plans to ( ) PC or a tablet to all students across Japan.
A. supply B. adopt C. distribute D. build
This tool helps children to learn not only English ( ) also many subjects. With internet access in school, home, or public space, you are ready to study.
A. but B. and C. not D. both
穴埋め⭐︎
穴埋め問題は選ぶもよし、消去法もよし。ある程度の単語力は必要ですが、品詞から選んでみるのも良いと思います。
TOEFL Writing GAFA⭐︎
What work do you want to do? Which company do you want to work in?
I would like to work in GAFA after graduating from university. Now I study Computer Science, so I hope to utilize my IT skills in my work.
GAFA is an acronym for Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon. I want to join one of these companies because GAFA is the dominant player in digital information technology. I am going to write my plans when I am offered a position from technology giant companies.
If I work at Google, I want to be involved in digital marketing. Google invented AdSense, which is the number 1 technology in online advertising.
When I work at Apple, I wish to be a product manager. I have been an Apple user since high school. I think Apple's iPhone is much user-friendly than other brand's smartphones. It is a great honor to be able to contribute to the world's most valuable brand.
As I specialize in computer security, I think a risk-management role in Facebook fits well with me. Social networking service always requires privacy and risk management. I am excited to use what I learn during 4 years at university.
I respect Amazon because this company is the best online store in the world. Nowadays, we can purchase electronics, software, video games, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry in the Amazon marketplace.
These are my career plan when I work in GAFA. I look forward to working in the world's best technology company.
TOEFL GAFA
TOEFLでは仕事を何がしたい、みたいな身近な話題もあります。今回はGAFAを使って回答しました。
大学でコンピューターサイエンスを学んだので将来はGAFAでITスキルを活かして働きたいと思います。
GAFAはグーグル、アップル、フェイスブックとアマゾンを指しており、デジタルテクノロジー分野の巨人です。もしこれらの企業で働くことになったら何をしようか書こうと思います。
もしもグーグルならばマーケティングでAdsenseに携わりたいです。
高校以来のiPhoneユーザである私はアップル製品の使いやすさを担当するプロダクトマネージャーになりたいです。世界で最も価値あるブランドで働くことは光栄です。
大学でセキュリティを学んでいたのでフェイスブックではプライバシーやリスクマネジメントをやりたいです。4年間で学んだ知識を活用することにワクワクします。
Amazonはオンラインショップの世界トップでなんでも手に入るのがすごいと思います。
以上がもしもGAFAで働くなら、という私の考えになります。
Critique⭐︎
The following is a sample in accounting journal:
"Most companies would favor that fines as a penalty of not complying with regulations about proper disclosure should be raised to prevent accounting fraud from occurring again. They also think that fees paid to audit firms should increase as tight regulation on financial statements has been imposed on listed companies. Hence these changes would enhance the transparency of accounting disclosure and financially support audit firms; companies also benefit more than costs and burdens they suffered."
Let’s write critique of the statement above.
This argument states that benefits associated with positive effects created by additional fines as a punishment and costs for audit are more significant than burdens. However, the reasoning the author wrote is not well constructed with a logical explanation. While the statement assumes that the increased transparency of accounting disclosure and financial support for audit firms are worthwhile paying, the following points need to be considered.
ビジネスにおける批評文
ビジネスにおける批評のサンプルです。
「多くの企業は情報開示の不備に対する罰金を抑止力として賛成です。また、監査報酬もあげるべきだと考えています。これらは会社の会計や税務に関する開示に資するため、費用を上回る効果があると思います。」
この記事について批評してみましょう。
「この記事では罰金をあげることによる肯定的な効果をコストより大きく見積もっています。がしかし、これらのポイントにおいて再考が必要かと思います。」
このように批評の序文を書いて、続いて具体例を用いて反論していきます。
続きは次の記事にてご確認ください。
Critique detail⭐︎
"Most companies would favor that fines as a penalty of not complying with regulations about proper disclosure should be raised to prevent accounting fraud from occurring again. They also think that fees paid to audit firms should increase as tight regulation on financial statements has been imposed on listed companies. Hence these changes would enhance the transparency of accounting disclosure and financially support audit firms; companies also benefit more than costs and burdens they suffered."
Let’s write three reasons of the critique above.
The author has a premise that increasing fines or more punishment is an incentive for corporations to act prudently about financial disclosure. Still, the premise may be invalid judging from corporate activities. In recent years, corporations recognize the importance of proper disclosure regarding corporate social responsibility and investor relations. Raising fines is less important than these activities. Punishment may play a minor role in making corporations comply with disclosure rules.
The argument relies on an invalid assumption that corporations can afford to pay higher audit fee and interpret it as an incentive to proper disclosure. Not all corporations possess ample funds for audit. If the cost of auditing rises, some companies can pay the expenditure though others might be unable to do so. If I were CEO, I would decide to spend financial resources on projects or investments, not on administrative tasks. Thus, audit fees may not lead to the incentive for disclosure.
Though increasing audit fees might support auditing firms, there can be another essential point from which audit firms benefit. The audit quality does not always correlate with the audit fee paid. If anything, sufficient time for auditing and cooperation corporations provide for auditing firms is indispensable. The argument does not provide evidence on the relationship between lifting auditing fees and the expected merits created by the change.
ビジネスにおける批評文⭐︎
こちらは上記のビジネスにおける批評のサンプルについて、具体的に3つの理由を挙げています
筆者は重い罰を科すことが財務情報開示の動機につながるとの前提を持っているが、この前提が違うかもしれません。最近は企業はCSRやIRを重視しており、罰金のためよりもこれらの理由から情報開示を行なっています。罰金は理由として小さい程度です。
次に筆者は企業はより大きな罰金を払えるだけの資金力があると仮定しているがそうではない可能性もある。多くの企業はそこまで監査報酬のために余裕があるわけではない。また、監査等の管理費用よりも投資に回すことを私がCEOなら選ぶくらいなので、監査報酬は情報開示のインセンティブとは限らない。
監査報酬の値上げは監査法人にはプラスだが、監査の質が向上するかは不明瞭。むしろ、金額よりも監査にかける時間が監査の質には大事。筆者は報酬と質の関係についてエビデンスを説明していない。