Equality of English Education
5. to do
5-2 more to do
5-3 other to do
5-4 be done
5-5 have done
6 who which that
6-2 where when why how
6-3 if & would
7-1 number
7-2 not
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⭐︎ Basic 読みやすい
を掲載しております。
5. to do⭐︎
“to do” is used in many ways. “to do” is very useful.
What you need “to do” is “to get” used to “to do.”
It is a basic way to use “to do.”
For example, “to learn to do” improves your English. You can use “to do” at several positions in a sentence.
I like to play tennis.
We plan to visit Universal Studio Japan this summer.
My mother asked me to go to Seven Eleven and buy milk.
To practice English hard makes my English better.
Our plan to go to the movie theater is good.
We need to stop at the intersection when a traffic light is red.
We do not explain what is “to do” here in detail. What you need “to do” is “to get” used to “to do.”
One point you need to know is “who is the one to do?”.
My teacher told me to do homework. In this sentence, “me” is the one to do.
Let us share with you another case. I share with my teacher my plan to apply to the university. In this case, “I” is the one to apply.
The following sentences are examples of “to do”:
My father finds it enjoyable to travel abroad.
Taro is looking for someone to help him with his job at Lawson.
We heard her decision to become a professional athlete.
You study English hard to enter the university.
We are happy to meet you.
There are still other ways to use “to do.”
5. to 不定詞⭐︎
to doを使いこなせると英語がグッと上達します。
ややこしいですが、
What you need to do is to get used to "to do".
というような"to do"を一文に3回使った文も書けます。
to不定詞と一般的には言われます。
文の前半部分にも後半部分にも持ってこれる万能さです。
I like to play the tennis.
We plan to visit Universal Studio Japan in this summer.
My mother asked me to go to Seven Eleven and buy milk.
toに続く動詞は原形です。様々な使い方があります。めちゃくちゃ便利です。
この文法を説明する時に用法や用語がありますが、ここでは省略します。慣れれば使えますので、文法用語の説明を覚えるよりも英文に慣れた方が良いです。
ただ、to doは誰がdoするのか、を意識することが大事です。
My teacher told me to do homework.
このto do home work、宿題をするのはme, 私です。先生が宿題をするわけではありません。
I share with my teacher my plan to apply for the university.
この文章ではapplyする、出願するのは先生ではなく、I 私になります。
to doの不定詞はたくさんの使い方があります。一気にどんと覚えるというより、慣れていきましょう。英語版ではたくさんの例文を載せています。
5-2 more "to do"⭐︎
“to do” has variations. For example, “want to do,” “ need to do,” “have to do,” etc.
By using “to do,” you can express complex things.
“want to do” is almost the same as “would like to do.”
I want to drink coffee.
Do you want to read this book?
What do you want to do after work?
Which company does she want to work for?
He would like to join the soccer club.
“need to do” means that you should do something.
All students need to do their homework.
My father needs to go to the office on Saturday.
Do we need to go to work on the weekend?
“have to do” means that you must do something.
We have to ride on the train at 7 am.
You have to finish your work by 5 pm.
All people have to pay tax.
When driving a car, we have to keep the traffic rules.
Do I have to wait until she comes here?
“like to do” is your favorite thing.
What do you like to do on the weekend?
I like to play basketball and swim during summer vacation.
Do you like to paint art?
“plan to do” is often used in business and vacation.
My family plans to travel to London.
My company plans to add new shops into five shops.
5-2 続to do⭐︎
“to do”にはたくさんのよく使うワードがあります。以下が主なものです。
want to do 〜したい
need to do 〜する必要がある
have to do 〜しなければならない
like to do 〜することが好き
would like to do 〜したい
plan to do 〜する予定です
あたりがよく使われるto doになります。
want to doとwould like to doはほぼ同じ意味です。
「〜したい」という意味になります。
I want to drink coffee.
Do you want to read this book?
Which company does she want to work for?
need to do「〜する必要がある」という意味がneedになります。
All students need to do their homework.
My father needs to go to the office on Saturday.
have to doは「〜しなければならない」というmustに近い意味です。
We have to ride on the train at 7 am.
You have to finish your work by 5 pm.
All people have to pay tax.
When driving a car, we have to keep the traffic rules.
like to doは趣味や休日の過ごし方などによく使われます。
What do you like to do on weekend?
I like to play basketball and swim in summer vacation.
plan to doはお仕事や計画についてよく使います。
My family plans to travel to London.
My company plans to add new shops into five shops.
5-3 other "to do"⭐︎
Other “to do”
“intend to do” means you have will to do.
You intend to advise me for my success at the exam.
We do not intend to deny expensive services in English education.
“choose to do” means choose some action.
You can choose to immigrate overseas.
Do you choose to play in the park or study homework?
“enable to do” means making someone able to do.
We need to enable you to get a new skill in English as necessary.
Internet enables people to get more information.
“be able to do” means you can do like “can do”
We call it literacy to be able to read and write in a certain language.
I want to be able to swim.
Your goal during summer English program is to become able to speak English at an intermediate level.
“how to do” means the way to do.
They learn how to speak English.
She teaches how to use internet to children.
“allow to do” means OK to do.
Only the summer season allows non-professional climbers to climb the mountain.
We are not allowed to smoke tabaco outside.
5-3 さらにto do⭐︎
“to do”にはさらにバリエーションがあります。
intend to doは「〜するつもりがある」という感じです。
You intend to advise me for my success at the exam.
Choose to doは「〜することを選ぶ」という意味があります。
Do you choose to play in the park or study homework?
enable to do はよく enable 人 to doの形で「〜できるようになる」と使われます。
Internet enables people to get more information.
be able to doは助動詞canに意味が近く、「〜できる」という意味です。
I want to be able to swim.
how to do「〜のやり方、〜の方法」という意味です。
They learn how to speak English.
allow to doは「〜することを許可する」です。受け身もよく使われ「〜できる」ということになります。
5-4 be done⭐︎
“be done” means passive sentence.
When something is wrong with your car, will you repair your car by yourself or will you ask car repairer to fix the problem?
My car needs to be repaired, or I think my car needs to be repaired.
My house was built 5 years ago.
The newspaper is delivered to my home every day at 6 am.
My family were invited to the party.
When you make your hair style shorter, you should say “have my hair cut.”
I am going to have my hair cut this weekend.
Emotions and feelings are often passive sentences.
My team members got excited at the result.
I am pleased to take care of your child.
She was shocked to hear that her brother did not pass the test.
These are other examples using passive format.
Global warming is said to be responsible for extreme weather changes.
Six people were injured in the car accident.
My name is found on the mailing list.
Which country was this bag made in?
5-4 受け身⭐︎
作用・反作用の関係が受け身になる
やみくもに受け身は用いません。
主語からみて作用される側
例えば、車の修理が必要な場合、車は修理される側であり、修理する側ではありません。
従って、My car needs to be repairedやI think my car needs to be repairedと受け身です。
髪を切ってもらうのも[ cut one's hair ]ではなく[have one's hair cut ]とします。髪は美容師さん理容師さんに切ってもらうものだからです。
I am going to have my hair cut this weekend.
人間の感情も受け身が多く、 getが一般的で beやfeelも使われます。
My team members got excited at the result.
I am pleased to take care of your child.
受け身形で用います。
同じように「誰が言っているのか」は全くどうでもよく、一般的なことする時に受け身を用います。
Global warming is said to be responsible for extreme weather changes.
受け身といえば、１される側、２気持ち、３誰かが重要でないことが主な理由です。
5-5 have done⭐︎
”have done” has mainly three meanings as follows:
1. Completed something already.
2. Experience of doing.
3. Continue to do.
1. Completed something already.
The train has gone, meaning that the train departed already.
He has spent all his money on buying a car.
2. Experience of doing.
I have been to Singapore three times.
Have you ever been to New York?
She has never been late in junior high school days.
My mother has climbed Mount Fuji.
3. Continue to do.
We have known each other for more than ten years.
Michael has lived in London for about one year.
You have worked for this company for 3 months.
I have like to play the guitar since junior high school.
How long have you been waiting here for your friend?
5-5 現在完了⭐︎
”have done”は３つの意味があります。1. 完了、結果 ２. 経験 そして3. 継続の３つです。
一つ一つみていきましょう。
１．完了/結果 「〜は終わった、完了している」
例）have gone to へ行った（＝既にここにいない）
The train has gone. ⇒ 電車はもうすでに行ってしまった。
もう終わったことを示すために過去形ではなく、現在完了を用いています。
２．経験「〜したことがある」
I have been to London twice. ロンドンに2度行ったことがある。
ever, neverやoftenやonce, twiceや many timesなど回数もこの使い方です。
３．継続「何年間、何ヶ月間〜しています」
I have studied English for 5 years.
英語を5年間勉強しています。
期間を表すforやsinceが使われます。
You have worked for this company for 3 months.
I have like to play the guitar since junior high school.
時にhave been doingと現在完了進行形になることもあります。
現在完了にはhave doneでなくhad doneを使う過去完了
過去形よりもさらに過去なら過去完了形had+過去分詞です。
She had gone to the station.
彼女はすでに駅へ向かって出発してしまっていた。
6 which, who and that⭐︎
“which,” “who,” and “that” are used as “Relative pronouns.” These words introduce relative clauses. Simply speaking, we use “which,” “who,” and “that” when we explain somebody or something. The relative pronoun we need to choose the proper one from the “which,” “who,” and “that.”
For example, “I am going to visit the museum which offers a discount ticket in February.”
“offers a discount ticket in February,” explains “the museum.”
People, person, individual, or somebody are “who.”
“matter,” “item,” and “something” are “which.”
“that” is ok with both categories.
“who.”
Do you know the visitor who will come to our office tomorrow?
I have a friend whose job is a policeman.
The woman I met yesterday said to me that she would travel to London this month.
Our teacher, who is good at teaching Math, is good at teaching Science.
My boss, who has two children, is kind.
“which.”
Could you share with me your memo you took in the meeting yesterday?
Tokyo is the city I lived in when I was a child.
One point.
“which” is used in the two ways of “with a comma” or “without a comma.”
“with a comma”: My parents presented me with the game they bought at the shopping center.
“without a comma”: my parents presented me the game they bought at the shopping center.
These two mean almost the same but differ a bit.
“that.”
“that” is useful as relative pronoun because this word covers both “somebody” and “something.”
My teacher told us that this is the only method that we can use to solve the difficult question of Math.
6 関係代名詞which who that⭐︎
先行詞を説明や補足するために用いるのが関係代名詞です。一言でいえばもっと説明するために使われます。
I am going to visit the museum which offers discount ticket in Feb.
この文章は似たような意味となる別の書き方があります。
2文にする: I am going to visit the museum. It offers discount ticket in Feb.
Becauseを用いる: I am going to visit the museum because it offers discount ticket in Feb.
口語では「２月中に割引チケットが提供されている美術館に行く予定」とどれも通じる表現です。
I am going to visit the museum of fine arts which offers discount ticket in Feb.
「2月中に割引チケットが提供されている美術館に行く予定」→which以降が美術館を説明している、となるのが関係代名詞です。
whichは先行詞が人の場合には使えませんので、代わりにwhoを用います。that は人にも物にも使えます。
My boss who has two children is kind.
このmy bossを説明するのがhave two childrenになり、「お子さんが２人いる私の上司」となります。
My teacher told us that this is the only method that we can use to solve the difficult question of Math.
thatはthe only やthe bestなどと一緒によく使われます。
6-2 where when why how⭐︎
“where”
“where” is used to connect “place,” “house,” etc.
This is the park where I played yesterday.
That apartment where I lived during university is located near the station.
Do you know the city where Mr. Smith worked two years ago?
Can you advise me where we have his birthday party tonight?
Let’s discuss where to visit on our business trip.
“when”
“when” is used to connect “time,” “period,” etc.
Can you check the time when our meeting yesterday finished?
In the past, there was an era when gender equality is limited.
Summer is when most schools are on vacation.
Do you know when the next train departs from Tokyo station?
Have you decided when to travel to China?
“why”
“why” is used to connect “reason,” etc.
This is the reason why we agree with his proposal.
Will you tell me why you changed your job last month?
“how"
“how” is used to connect “way,” “method,” etc.
This is the way how we study Science and Math.
My teacher taught us how to do homework.
These words can be used in a simple style like below.
This is where I met my girlfriend for the first time.
This is why I have to leave for home earlier.
That is how I succeeded in TOEFL.
6-2 関係副詞where when why how⭐︎
関係副詞
関係代名詞の副詞版、いわば兄弟が関係副詞です。
先行詞と関係副詞の関係は組み合わせが限られています
whereはplace, houseなど場所
whenはtime, periodなど時
whyはreasonなど理由
howは手段、やり方
“where”
場所や機会を表すwhereです。
This is the park where I played yesterday.
That apartment where I lived during university is located near the station.
“when”
時間や期間にはwhenです。
Can you check the time when our meeting yesterday finished?
Summer is when most schools are in vacation.
“why”
理由はwhyです。
This is the reason why we agree on his proposal.
“how”
手段ややり方はhowを使います。
This is the way how we study Science and Math.
関係副詞は先行詞がなくても使用可能
where: 先行詞がなくても「、、、する場所」という意味で使われます。
This is where I met my girlfriend for the first time.
This is why I have to leave for home earlier.
That is how I succeeded in TOEFL.
6-3 if would⭐︎
“if & would” means not true.
If I were rich, I would enjoy traveling around the world.
If I were able to speak English, I would change my career plan.
If you did homework, you would pass the test.
Below is used as a different form of “If & would,”
Were I rich, I would enjoy traveling around the world.
Was I good at Math, I would pass the test.
“could” instead of “would” has a similar meaning but different a little.
If I were rich, I could enjoy traveling around the world.
If you could speak English, what would you do?
“if & would” has “past” as well as “present.”
If I had been rich, I would have enjoyed traveling around the world.
If I had brought an umbrella, I could use it when it rained.
“if & would” has many variations.
I wish I passed the English test.
I wish I had more time to play the guitar.
I wish I could run fast.
If only I could speak English.
If only my school adopted computers for e-learning.
If only my salary rose thanks to the successful business performance.
She talks as if she passed the English test.
My mother advises me about how to study as if she was a teacher.
6-3 仮定法if⭐︎
If I were rich, I would enjoy traveling around the world.
“I”に”were“がくっついていて変な印象ですが、仮定法になります。
仮定法は「現実ではない」場合に使います。この文章では「お金持ちだったらという仮定＝お金持ちではないのが現実」ということです。
特徴として”would”や”could”を用いています。これは過去を意味しているのではなく、仮定法ifにくっつくのがwouldやcouldになります。
ややこしいのがifを省略する代わりに順番を入れ替えるなど、書き方がたくさんあることです。
Were I rich, I would enjoy traveling around the world.
「お金持ちなら、世界中を旅行するのに」
“could”にすると少しニュアンスが変わります。
Were I rich, I could enjoy traveling around the world.
「お金持ちなら、世界中を旅行できるのに」
過去の仮定法もあり、仮定法過去完了と言います。
I had been rich, I would have enjoyed traveling around the world.
もしもお金持ちだったら、世界中を旅しただろうに」
仮定法には派生形も多く
I wish ＋過去形
I wish I could run fast.
現実には足が早くない
If only ＋過去形
If only I could speak English.
現実には英語が話せない
as if ＋過去形
She talks as if she passed the English test.
現実には英語テストで不合格
これらはわかりやすい仮定法です。
7-1 numbers⭐︎
I would like a cup of coffee.
My father drank two glasses of beer.
She bought a pair of shoes.
Which do you choose, a glass of wine or a bottle of wine?
How many pieces of cake do you need?
Can I have two bowls of rice?
I bought a bunch of banana at the grocery store this morning.
I am going to have two slices of pizza for today’s lunch.
Can you buy two cans of coke?
1: one. 2. two. 3: three. 4: four. 5. five. 6: six. 7: seven. 8: eight. 9: nine. 10: ten.
11: eleven. 12: twelve. 13: thirteen. 14: fourteen. 15: fifteen. 16: sixteen. 17: seventeen. 18: eighteen. 19: nineteen.
100: one hundred. 200: two hundred. 550: five hundred fifty, five fifty.
1,000: one thousand. 1,050: one thousand and fifty, ten fifty
3,200: three thousand and two hundred, thirty-two hundred.
10,000: ten thousand.
250,000: two hundred fifty thousand.
1,000,000: one million.
3.14: three point one four. 0.52: zero point five two, point five two.
1/2: a half, one half. 1/4: a quarter, one quarter.
2/5: two fifths, two over five.3/7: three sevenths, three over seven.
“decade” means 10 years. “century” means 100 years.
“dozen” means 12.
7-1 数字⭐︎
英語の数え方は慣れです。 読むと聞くでもかなり違いますし、話すとさらに理解が深まります。
日本語が４けたごと、英語は３けたごとになっています。
数字は英語の中で一番慣れが効きます。
7-2 not⭐︎
“not” is to say “no.”
I do not like tomato.
She could not run fast.
We will not go to the library on this Sunday.
We decided not to travel to Europe due to the corona virus pandemic.
Let’s think about what “not” says “no” to.
It is not always correct to speak honestly.
Not all students pass the English test.
He plays not only soccer but also baseball.
“not” & “or”
I am not good at Math or Science.
This train does not go to Tokyo or Shinjuku.
“not” & “at all”
You do not need to be worried at all.
My painting was not beautiful at all.
“no”
There is no textbook I have not read.
No company can last forever.
“nobody” & “no one”
Nobody knows tomorrow.
Nobody came to the school on time.
No one is perfect.
I think no team can defeat Giants.
“nothing”
Nothing is wrong with my computer.
I learned nothing in this class because it is boring.
My efforts led to nothing but failure.
“neither” & “nor”
I think neither you nor I will not fail in the examination.
“never”
I have never been abroad.
You never forget your native language.
I never break a promise.
7-2 否定⭐︎
“not” is to say “no.”
I do not like tomato.
普通の形です
We decided not to travel to Europe due to corona virus pandemic.
to不定詞も否定します。
Let’s think about what “not” says “no” to.
It is not always correct to speak honestly.
notはalwaysを否定して「いつも正直が良いというわけではない＝たまには嘘も方便である」
Not all students pass the English test.
notはallを否定して「全員が、、、というわけではない＝一部の生徒は試験に落ちる」
“not” & “or”
I am not good at Math or Science.
数学も理科も得意ではない。
“not” & “at all”
You do not need to be worried at all.
心配する必要は全くない。
“no”
There is no textbook I have not read.
「読んでない教科書はない=教科書は全部読んだ」
“nobody” & “no one”
Nobody knows tomorrow.
「未来は誰もわからない」
No one is perfect.
「完璧な人はいない」
“nothing”
Nothing is wrong with my computer.
「私のコンピューターはどこも悪くない＝正常」
My efforts led to nothing but failure.
「私の努力は無駄に終わった」
“neither” & “nor”
I think neither you nor I will not fail in the examination.
「あなたも私も不合格にならない＝どちらも合格する」
“never”
I have never been abroad.
「海外に行ったことがない」
I never break a promise.
「約束を破らない＝約束を守る」